To some extent they're unwritten rules of the genre, in the same way that no jigsaw puzzle comes with a note saying the pieces don't need to be cut. But certain writers of the Golden Age of detective fiction attempted to write them, from their perspective. Ronald Knox and S.S. Van Dine, most notably. Their 'Commandments' are often referred to as the definition of the traditional genre, though they're of course open to interpretation.

"It is forbidden for supernatural agencies to be employed as a detective technique." That's the one I referred to earlier, Knox's 2nd. "It is forbidden for the culprit to be anyone not mentioned in the early part of the story." "It is forbidden for the case to be resolved with clues that are not presented." "It is forbidden for the detective to be the culprit." And so on.